25
September 2007
Attendance
30. There were 6 oral presentations.
GeniSTELA
- A generalised engineering methodology for thermal analysis of
protected steelwork
Hong Liang
University of Edinburgh
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(PDF (7.8Mb)
Experimental
study of flexible end plate connections at high temperatures
Ying Hu
University of Sheffield
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(PDF (3.5Mb)
Fire
tests on connections to concrete filled tubular columns
Yong Wang
University of Manchester
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(PDF (1.7Mb)
Automated
programme for the UK graphical analysis for intumescent coatings
Hans van de Weigert
International Fire Ltd
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(PDF (186kb)
An
embedded model for localised failure in reinforced concrete slabs
Xinmeng Yu
University of Sheffield
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(PDF (10Mb)
Design
for tensile membrane action - Comparison of TSLAB and Vulcan
Roger Plank
University of Sheffield
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(PDF (1.7Mb)
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17
April 2007
Attendance
45. There were 6 oral presentations.
Flat
Slab Performance in Accidental Fires
David Fletcher
NHBC
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(PDF (12Mb)
Membrane
Action of Concrete Floor Slabs at Ambient and Elevated Temperature
Bok Man Chan
University of Manchester
The concept of membrane action has been adopted to explain the
ultimate load carrying capacity of floor slabs above the traditional
yield-line load at ambient and elevated temperatures. However,
the detailed distribution of membrane forces within the concrete
and reinforcement components of the slab has not been fully investigated.
This research project extends the investigation of membrane action
in concrete slabs to fully understand the development of the internal
forces. A finite element model has been developed to simulate
horizontally unrestrained, isotropic reinforced, concrete slabs.
Both shell elements and solid elements were used at ambient temperature
and solid elements were used at elevated temperature to accurately
represent the highly non-linear temperature distribution through
the depth of the slab. The models have taken into account the
smear crack concept with thermal, geometric and material nonlinearity.
Two types of smooth bars, mild steel reinforcement and stainless-steel
reinforcement, with different diameters and spacing of bars in
rectangular and square slabs were simulated. The effect of the
membrane action within the slabs due to different reinforcement
ductility, reinforcement content and aspect ratio of the slab,
were also investigated. Numerical results were validated against
a number of small-scale slab tests carried out at the University
of Manchester and were shown to provide very good predictions.
It has been concluded that the distribution of the in-plane stress
and through-depth stress of the slabs, subjected to large displacement
at ambient temperature is similar to the slabs at elevated temperature.
The magnitude is different due to the different applied load and
weakening of the material due to elevated temperatures. Numerical
studies show clearly the need to model the tension softening curve
of the concrete with an accurate estimate of the fracture energy
and maximum tensile strength. It is expected that the conclusion
of this research project will be used for further development
of design codes and guidance.
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(PDF (604kb)
Assessing
the Safety of Tall Buildings in Multiple Floor Fires
David Lange, Charlotte Roben and Asif
Usmani
University of Edinburgh
With increasing acceptance and use of performance based design
methodologies, the question of the safety of tall buildings in
a multiple floor fire will sooner or later need to be addressed.
Particularly so in cases where the occurrence of such a scenario
is deemed to have an unacceptably high probability. A simple stability
assessment method for tall buildings subjected to multiple floor
fires is proposed. This method would allow structural engineers
to obtain an indication of the upper bound collapse mechanism
for tall buildings in multiple floor fires without the need to
use complex and labour-intensive computer models. It can also
be used to provide bounds on the results of a more comprehensive
computational analysis and aid the interpretation of the output,
thus helping to avoid errors. This method is strictly only applicable
to tall buildings which can be idealised as two dimensional frames.
However as many tall buildings tend to be rather regular in plan,
the method could be used quite generally, at least for preliminary
assessment.
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(PDF (613kb)
Informal
Update on the Eurocode NAs (including NCCI for EC1 as PD 6688-1-2)
Roger Pope
BCSA
Cooling
Behaviour of Structures after a Fire
Martin Gillie
University of Edinburgh
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(PDF (398kb)
Experimental
Investigation of Fin Plate Connection Behaviour at Elevated Temperatures
Hongxia Yu
University of Sheffield
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(PDF (6.7Mb)
Modelling
Intumescent Coating Behaviour in Fire
Jifeng Yuan
University of Manchester
This research aims to provide a robust scientific footing to model
intumescent coating performance under various fire exposure conditions,
to help develop fire engineering design methods suitable for application
under different fire conditions. A mathematical model has been
established to investigate the fire protection performance of
intumescent coatings. In the model, once some basic chemical characteristics
and physical properties of the intumescent coating has been quantified,
the fire performance of this kind of intumescent coating exposed
to different external heat conditions (Cone-calorimeter, standard
fire, parametric fire, etc) can be determined. In the mathematical
model, the governing equations are based on energy and mass conservation,
and the model is solved by using the Finite Difference Method
(FDM). Heat transfer, heat generation (from chemical reaction),
and mass transfer (production of volatile gases and their movement)
models form the basis of the model. Arrhenius equation is used
to describe chemical kinetics of coating decomposition (typically
including three parts: melting, blowing, and charring), which
in turn is responsible for expansion. An important aspect of this
research is to develop and examine a thermal conductivity model
for the expanding porous intumescent coating foam, which should
not only include pure conduction in air, but also radiation through
the voids of the porous foam. The main objective of this research
is to identify the main fundamental parameters that are responsible
for describing the intumescence performance with sufficient accuracy
under different fire conditions.
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(PDF (4.5Mb)
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5
September 2006
Attendance
32. There were 7 oral presentations.
Behaviour
of Cellular Beams and Composite Slabs at Ambient and Elevated
Temperatures
Siamak Bake Mohamadi
University of Manchester
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(PDF (873kb)
The
Development of Finite Elements for 3D Structural Analysis in Fire
Chaoming Yu
University of Sheffield
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(PDF (3Mb)
The
Suitability of Fire-Field Modelling for Enclosure Fires involving
Complex Solid Fuel Loads
Stuart
Winter
University of Manchester
Research
on the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics to model closed car-park
and compartment fires is presented. The Fire-Field model FDS (Fire
Dynamics Simulator) is used to simulate closed car-park fires
and successful comparisons with simulations performed as part
of the European Commission report on such fires are made. The
car fire assumptions used in these simulations, and consequently
the conclusions drawn from their output, are critically assessed.
An alternative modelling approach for car fires in fire-field
simulations is outlined by the author. The simulation of full-scale
compartment fire tests using FDS is also considered and a model
representing the important processes of wooden crib burning is
presented. The practical application of such models is discussed.
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(PDF (921kb)
High
Temperature Material Laws of High Strength (S460) Steel
Jörg Lange
TU Darmstadt
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(PDF (9.5Mb)
3D
Interpolation Method for the Determination of the Contribution
of Intumescent Coatings to the Fire Resistance Performance of
Structural Steelwork Protected with Intumescent Coatings
Hans van de Weijgert
International Fire Consultants
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(PDF (494kb)
Download article (PDF
(547kb)
A
Component-Based Connection Model for Steel Framed structures in
Fire
Florian Block
Buro Happold
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(PDF (4Mb)
Design
Fires for Structural Fire Analysis - Approving Authority Status
Quo
Samantha Foster
Arup Fire
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(PDF (1.8Mb)
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28
March 2006
Attendance
38. There were 6 oral presentations.
Technical
Update on the Torre Windsor Fire, Madrid
Roger Pope
BCSA
(The
slides contain currently restricted material, and cannot be downloaded
yet.)
Connections
of Unprotected Steel Members to Fire Walls
Alexander Heise
Arup Fire
It is common practice to design single storey warehouse or
industrial structures for fire, with very limited or no fire protection.
Structural failure of these forms of single storey buildings in
a fire situation is tolerated, traditionally based on the low
risk to the life safety of building occupants these structures
are deemed to create. This originates from a typically limited
occupancy with multiple means of escape, and as such a rapid evacuation
time. However traditionally the risk to the life safety of fire
fighters has not been considered in the design, and this is resulting
increasingly in external and therefore limited fire fighting in
these forms of structure. Therefore the concept of property protection
and business continuity through protection of contents has become
an increasingly important concept in design. It is then essential
to maintain compartmentation within these large volume spaces
in order to limit fire spread and resulting damage to the overall
contents of the building and the extent of structure.
What this means is that
the large fire walls provided to sub-divide these space, cannot
be damaged when the unprotected steel structure fails. As a consequence,
the unprotected steel structure is usually erected independently
from the fire wall, preventing the use of the load bearing capacity
of the fire wall in the structural design concept. This results
in the need for additional columns and bracing. This paper presents
an alternative concept to this standard approach allowing connections
of unprotected steelwork to fire walls. Two different design concepts
for these connections are presented, which prevent damage to the
fire wall when unprotected steel members connected to the fire
wall fail. These two design concepts can be combined enabling
the designer to find the most cost effective solution for the
connection.
The first option is a design
concept based on maximum load bearing capacity of bolts. The maximum
reaction forces limited by the load bearing capacity of bolts
are calculated using design values for the upper limit of the
load bearing capacity of the bolts. A complete design concept
will be presented including combination values for additional
loads and design values to determine the resistance of the fire
wall in the fire situation. The statistical parameters of the
bolts determined on the basis of 3000 tests collated from literature
and bolt producers will be explained. The statistical parameters
for additional loads and resistance will be described in detail.
The design values for the maximum load bearing capacity of the
bolts and the design resistance for the fire wall is determined
using the FORM-Method. The determination of combination values
considering additional loads in the fire situation using the Borghes-Castanheta
method, will also be discussed.
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(PDF 1.25Mb)
Modelling
of a Fully Developed Natural Fire in a Large Compartment
Yulian Spasov
Corus Group - Swinden Technology Centre
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(PDF 1.16Mb)
The
Contribution of Intumescent Paint to the Fire Resistance of Structural
Steelwork
Hans van de Weijgert
International Fire Consultants
Download paper describing
the method (PDF 500kb).
Download presentation slides
(PDF 165kb)
Fire
Protection in High Rise Buildings - Are We Doing Enough?
Neal Butterworth
Buro Happold FEDRA
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(PDF 266kb)
Spalling
of Concrete Elements in Fire
John Purkiss
University of Aston
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831kb)
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20
September 2005
Attendance
32. There were 4 oral presentations.
Finite
Element Analysis of Concrete Filled Steel Columns in Fire
Jun Ding
University of Manchester
Concrete filled steel columns are widely used all over the
world, due to their significant advantages in construction speed
and high fire resistance. This paper presents the results of a
finite element study to simulate the fire performance of concrete
filled steel columns exposed to the standard fire condition. The
current structural fire resistant design standards such as EC
4 Part 1.2 and BS 5950 Part 8 provide simplified and approximate
methods to calculate the fire resistance of these members, but
their range of application is limited and there is still a lot
of uncertainty over their accuracy. Finite element analysis offers
the possibility of accurately simulating the behaviour of this
type of columns, including non-uniform temperature distributions
and geometric and material non-linearity in fire. The objectives
of this study are to validate the finite element simulations for
both heat transfer and structural analyses, both being conducted
using a general finite element analysis package ANSYS. The temperature
distribution within a composite column cross section is analysed
by using a 2- D model, while a 3-D model is used to simulate the
structural behaviour of the column in fire. The results from the
finite element analyses were compared with a number of fire test
results and were found to agree well with the available test results.
A numerical parametric study was carried out to investigate the
sensitivity of simulation results to different assumptions with
regard to the effect of initial displacement, meshing of the cross-section
and concrete stress-strain relationship at elevated temperatures.
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(PDF 173kb)
The
Behaviour of Fin Plate Steel Connections in Fire
Marwan Sarraj
University of Sheffield
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(PDF
851kb)
The
Insurers' View
Dave Sibert
Fire Protection Association
The
Madrid Fire 12/02/05
Paul Jenkins
London Fire Brigade
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(PDF
14Mb)
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21 July, 2010 